Managing service delivery in health and social care

Managing service delivery in health and social care Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of receiving people together to accomplish preferred goals and objectives using obtainable resources efficiently and effectively. Management includes planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing and controlling an organization or struggle for the purpose of achieving a goal. Basic functions of management: Management activates through numerous roles, often categorized as planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. Planning is determining what wants to happen in the future and creating plans for action. Organizing means making finest use of the resources required to enable the fruitful carrying out of plans. Staffing can define as job examining, recruitment, and hiring individuals for suitable jobs. Leading is determining what needs to be done in a condition and getting people to do it. Controlling means testing progress against plans. Motivation is also a kind of basic function of management, because without motivation, employees cannot work effectively. If motivation doesnt take place in an organization then employees may not pay to the other functions. Introduction to healthcare management: Managing in healthcare is the field connecting to leadership, management and administration of hospitals, hospital networks and healthcare system. Healthcare managers are considered healthcare professionals. Healthcare is a very significant subject. Nowadays the field of healthcare is changing at a very quick pace. Healthcare is not only becoming more luxurious, but is undergoing abrupt changes due to the introduction of new medical technologies on a daily basis. As more and more people are now becoming conscious of the healthcare argument that is going on in the country, it is becoming progressively important that the general public recognize the changes that healthcare is going through, and how managing healthcare is the only way to make sure that people are well taken care of. Background of healthcare managing service delivery: In the United States, the first current health systems management program was established in 1934 at the University of Chicago. At the time, programs were finished in two years- one year of official graduate study and one year of residency. In 1958, the Sloan program at Cornell University began donation a program demanding two years of formal study, which remains the leading structure in the United States and Canada today. In 1978, as part of an exertion to establish healthcare management as an autonomous occupation, the first modern practitioner- teacher model graduate program was established at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. Health systems management has been defined as a hidden health occupation because of the comparatively low profile role manager take in health systems, in compassion to direct-care professions such as nursing and medicine. However the discernibility of the management occupation within healthcare has been increasing in current years, due largely to the common problems developed countries are having in balancing cost, across and quality in their hospitals and health systems. Education and training for healthcare management: A masters degree is considered the standard credential for most health managers in the United States. There are numerous known degree types that are considered same from the perspective of specialized preparation. The commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education (CAHME) is the recognizing body overseeing masters level programs in the United States and Canada on behalf of the United States Department of Education. If recognizes several degree program categories, including Master of Health Services Administration (MHSA), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Health Administration (MHA), Master of Public Health (MPH, MSPH, MSHPM), Master of Science (MS-HSM, MS-HA) and Master of Public Administration (MPA). Professional Organizations related to healthcare management: There are many professional associations connected to health systems management, which can be subcategorized as either personal or institutional membership groups. Personal membership groups are joined by individuals, and typically have individual talent and career development as their focus. Greater personal membership groups contain the American College of Healthcare Executives, the Healthcare Financial Management Association, and the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. Official membership groups are joined by organizations; they characteristically focus on organizational effectiveness, and may also comprise data-sharing agreements and additional best- practice sharing vehicles for member organizations. Prominent examples contain the American Hospital Association and the University Health systems consortium. Roles of Managing healthcare: There are numerous roles in managing healthcare. Some of them are pay attention to Medical Shoppers, turn workers into problem solvers, speak up beneficially (Managerial practices that elicit results from front-line employees, maintain the mental health, widening focus, pay attention for side effects, healthcare examination and prospects and using of internet ,etc. Workers must use the system to speak up when they meet a problem. Managers obtain extra value when reporters speak up constructively by proposing suggestions that facilitate process development. Managers can encourage employees to speak up about difficulties and they can encourage them to offer solutions. When managers had been more practical in responding to occasion reports, there was a better probability that staff would share their suggestions and actions taken to resolve the underlying problems, which is very valuable data for managers because they are not likely to be able to get this information elsewhere. How can front-line workers be encouraged to speak up when they know how to enlarge an organizations operation processes? This question is mostly urgent in healthcare industry, where difficulties happen often and consequences range from insignificant inconveniences to serious patient damage. This is more effective in departments whose managers are less involved in problem solving. Efforts at the organizational level can compensate for managers who cannot or do not produce an environment that stimulates front-line workers to speak up. Over and above the human cost triggered by deaths and suffering during a time of struggle, stairs of conflict are often left in poor financial circumstances and mental-health suffering even after the conflict finishes. While considerable attention has been paid to post-war rules with regard to recovery in physical and human capital, mental health has received comparatively less attention. Mental health is insignificant dimension of human capital. Mental health suffering, while a trouble of concern in and of itself, might also have adverse consequences for individuals labor force participation and labor output in the post-conflict period, thereby delaying financial recovery after the conflict ends. Understanding the efforts of focus and spillovers might help hospitals determine how they should balance focusing in a single medical area with building expertise in connected areas. Hospitals dedicating a bigger portion of their business to giving patients in related service groups (i.e. those with the potential for knowledge spillovers) skill higher returns to specialization in a focal facility. Ultimately, those results offer a potential description for why there might be declining returns to focusing an organization on a single operating activity (or narrow set of activities), mainly when it is possible to participate in other activities that accompaniment the organizations area of concentration. Managers can study from an understanding of how doctors think. There might be more significant implications for managers in the methods that doctors are trained. Many resemblances can note between the thinking of medical and management practitioners and the environment in which it is carried out. Doctors hurry when the disease is serious, managers when met with little time and pressure to get things done; managers fail to think well and so make poor conclusions. Doctors are trained troubleshooters. It takes many years to study to operate using such a scientific method in answering problems. Managers focus on making resolutions with slight information, not through a rigorous review of the facts. Though the Internet has woven itself into most aspects of life, limited fields have modified if more vigorously, and at times controversially, than healthcare. Managers can use internet facilities to give a better management. Healthcare and the internet are suited for each other, because no one needs to pay for either. The healthcare field is emerging as one of the busiest laboratories for exciting now business models and the risks are high indeed. While supplying patient care has always been a primary aim of healthcare organizations, financial results have long been the metric by which success is measured. Progressively, however, healthcare leaders are being held accountable for both medical and economic outcomes. As a result, it is crucial that healthcare executives and suppliers gain an understanding of the determinants of organizational effectiveness- strategy, finance, operations and leadership. Management theories in social care: Management theory is a widespread term which is used lightly to refer to research discoveries, frameworks, propositions, beliefs, views, saws and suggestions, all of which seek to describe how managers should manage. There are a number of theories about managing service delivery in social care. Some of them are Bureaucracy theory, scientific management theory, Administrative theory, Human relations theory, Neo-human relations theory and Guru Theory, etc. Max Webers theory of bureaucracy was established in a historical- philosophical context. His interests were in the process of social modification, and in particular, in the effect of rationality on religious thought and capitalism. By rationality he meant the kind of action or mode of organizing in which goals are clearly conceived and all conduct, except that designated to reach the specific goal, is rejected. The application of his idea of rationality to the organizational context is what secured this social scientists pre- eminent location in modern management thought. The term that Weber applied to the organizational form built upon pure legal- rational authority was bureaucracy. The Weber and model of bureaucracy gives a steady and predictable world which supplies the blueprint for rational designed structures in which rational individuals carry out their roles and actions. For Weber, the bureaucratic form of organization possessed the features of specialization, hierarchy, rule s, impersonality, full- time officials, career focus and a split between public and private activity. Developed at the starting of the twentieth century, Frederick Winslow Taylors theory of scientific management focused upon shop floor organization, and upon the methods that could be used to exploit the productivity of manual workers. Scientific management principals such as a perfect division of task and responsibilities between management and workers, scientific choice and training of workers, development of the one- best- way of working, and the application of financial incentives, all remain to be used to this day. The primary focus of administrative theory was on the determination of which types of specialization and hierarchy would enhance the efficiency of organizations. The theory is constructed around the four central pillars- the division of labor, the scalar and useful processes organizational structure, and the span- of- control. The role of managing service delivery in social care: Managers in social work want to have several talents. Some of them are good vision which is informed by connecting service users and other partners, ability to lead and support staff to work with service users and their careers to influence service development and outcomes, take responsibility and be accountable for good training, ability to influence a wide range of stakeholders to promote a social model of care and its values and they should be able to deal with the conflicts, pressures, and gate- keeping roles in managing social work services, taking account of individual and community heeds. Frameworks for delivery in social care: A framework for leadership and management progress wants to be broad in its scope given the breadth of change that is already taking place across social work services and the demands this creates for effective leadership and management. The framework should therefore address the following areas, professional and practice management, political management, strategic management, operational management, academic management and citizen management. Implementation of management in social care: Evaluation of the outline for leadership and management development as it is implemented is also recommended to ensure that it reaches the goals identified, meets the identified needs and that it continues to be relevant. Evaluation will be dangerous to understanding what is successful and where blockages happen. This will assist in identifying what additional action is wanted to ensure empowering and enabling leadership and effective management is in place to deliver improved results for users and careers. Challenges of managing service delivery in social care: A major challenge for leadership and management across social work services is one of change management. To deliver the vision set out in the 21st century social work review needs transforming how we think about services, how we deliver those services and a shared view of what the changes we are seeking to make should deliver. Beginning the right culture and climate for change to implement the review successfully is critical to its achievement. Conclusion: With a better managing service delivery we can develop health and social care more successfully.

A Separate Peace :: Character Analysis, Phineas

Phineas, a main character in â€Å"A Separate Peace†, was a very athletic, cheerful young man. He was a friend through and through, and he was a buddy to everyone around him. That isn’t the only thing Phineas was. Phineas represented an innocence beyond this world that no normal human can find. He had a sincerity that was infused with all his words and a joyfulness that could not be dampened. Finny’s innocence is personified multitudes of times throughout the book. He shows great sincerity towards Gene when he tells Gene that Gene is his best friend on their day trip to the beach. (23) Finny’s unhindered joy finds ways to manifest itself in obscure ways, such as when he wore the pink shirt and the tie belt. â€Å"Well, we’ve got to do something to celebrate.† (25) What most people find fright in, Finny finds excitement, such as when he jumps from the tree and founds the Summer Suicide Society. â€Å"This is the most fun I’ve had in weeks. Who’s next?† (16) An example of Finny’s innocence is showed through blitzball, the game he created with no teams, therefore without any losers of winners, but it was loads of fun. (37-40) Though, with an innocence this perfect, there is bound to be corruption. Finny’s innocence was corroded by the jealousy and malice of his supposed best friend, Gene. Gene at first saw Finny as a good, but very influential friend. Although, partway through the book, Gene began to despise Finny, thinking that Finny was only trying to be better than him. â€Å"That way he, the great athlete, would be way ahead of me. It was all cold trickery, it was all calculated, it was all enmity.† (53) In all actuality Finny was a great person as shown by the above paragraph. â€Å"Now I knew that there never was and never could have been any rivalry between us. I was not of the same quality as he.† (59) Eventually this jealousy from Gene towards Finny’s perfection tried to wear away the wholeness Finny had found. This shown when Gene shook the limb of the tree. (59-60) This breaks Finny’s leg which ends, essentially, where his perfection originates from, his athletics. â€Å"Sports are finished for him, after an accident like that. Of course.† (63) Finny still retained his innocence but, it was not the same as before.

Financial Reporting Problem Part 1 Essay

The company’s annual report is important because it gives the shareholders a clear picture and understanding about how the company is doing financially. The annual reports provide thorough information on very significant section of the accounts, such as the balance sheet, the income statement, and the cash flow statement. The information presented in the annual report would also be essential to potential investor, employee, and any other people that may have interest in financial aspect of the business. The company’s total assets at the end of December 2013 were $77,478,000 (PepsiCo, n.d.). Although, for the reporting period at the end of December 2012, the total was $74,638,000. This information is important because it demonstrate what the company owns and how the company has grown over the years. It gives an understanding of the financial condition of the company, and how well they are doing, or have not done over the time frame. The current assets are the first thing on the balance. These are listed by the company so they have a tangible list of what it may convert into cash in a short period of time if the situation calls for that. This can usually be done in less than a year. Because these assets can easily be turned to cash by the company, they are referred to as â€Å"liquid† assets. Cash and cash equivalents are the most liquid assets found on the company’s balance sheet. PepsiCo’s cash and cash equivalents for the year end of December 28, 2013 were $9,375,000 and in December 2012 the company had $6,297,000 in cash and cash equivalents (PepsiCo, n.d.). This includes short-term investments, accounts and notes receivable, inventories and prepaid expenses, and other current assets. This represents the company’s liquidity. The more of the above that the company has access to what gives them a high risk of success because management can use the money to carry through tough periods. All accounts  payable are the debts owed by the company to various vendors for products and services purchased on credit. Upon review of the current financial statement for PepsiCo they have a total amount of $12,533,000 owed to vendors (Yahoo Finance, 2014). This is one of the largest current liabilities because of the fact the companies are constantly ordering new products or paying vendors for services or merchandise. As shown on PepsiCo’s balance sheet, the company recorded $12,274,000 in their accounts payable for their previous annual reporting period, 2012 (Yahoo Finance, 2014). This says that PepsiCo purchased supplies, products, and services on credit. They were liable to pay this amount to their vendors and suppliers at the time they were due. Net incomes are proceeds from a sale of an asset, minus the commissions, taxes, and other expenses related to the sale. For example, a case of Pepsi was sold in a store. The net incomes made from that sale, what money is left after the expenses, commissions, and taxes are paid. Another example of net income would be the profit made from the sale of a truck, land, or building that PepsiCo owned. PepsiCo reported $6,740,000 in net income for 2013 (Yahoo Finance, 2014). This is an increase from the reported net income in 2012. In 2012 PepsiCo reported $6,178,000 in net income (Yahoo Finance, 2014). As shown, there was a bigger increase in net income between 2012 and 2013. Net income is one of the most important signs of a business’ financial stability. The net income is generally the amount remaining after the expenses have been met or deducted. This is known as the bottom line because it is found on the last line of the income statement. PepsiCo reported their total current assets at the end of their most recent annual reporting period, 2013, at $22,203,000 (Yahoo Finance, 2014). This figure includes their current assets such as cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, net receivables, and inventory. Cash includes currency on hand as well as deposits in their financial institution. Cash equivalents are investments with maturities of three months or less. Net receivables are the amount due from customers or clients within one year on the balance sheet date. The inventory will include the raw materials, work in process, and finished goods. They value these at the lower to cost or market. In 2012, PepsiCo reported $18,720,000 in their total current assets  (Yahoo Finance, 2014). It is evident that between the years of 2012 and 2013 their total current assets increased. The annual report contains the information above and is very important to the business, and can be used for many different reasons. The owner s can use the information to decide whether or not they should continue to operate. The information on the total assets and the amount of the accounts payable can benefit potential investors because it shows them strong the company is financially, by stating what the company owns and how much it owes. The finance department can use the information above to make reasonable â€Å"decision about debt and equity financing and how to distribute in dividends† (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kieso, 2011, p. 41). Last, but not least: the human resources department can use the information to see how much cash the company has and its total income in order to figure out how much money is available in order to give incentives, raises, bonuses, benefits, rewards, or other types of gifts etc. to the employees. According to our text, it also states that â€Å"if employees can read and use financial reports all employees will be better informed about the basis on which they are evaluated, which will increase employee morale† (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kieso, 2011, p. 41). References Kimmel, P. D., Weygandt, J. J., & Kieso, D. E. (2011). Financial accounting: Tools for business decision making (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. PepsiCo. (n.d.). Investors. Retrieved from http://www.pepsico.com/Investors/Annual-Reports.html Yahoo Finance. (2014, April). http://finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=PEP+Historical+Prices

SAT Test Results How to Get and Interpret Your Results

SAT Test Results How to Get and Interpret Your Results SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips So you just took the SAT, and you’re eager (or terrified) to see your scores. Especially if this is your first time taking the test, the score report can be confusing. But reading it correctly will help you to identify weak spots and do better on the test next time and get real SAT results. I’ll go over how to get your SAT score report and read it so you’re getting the most out of the information the College Board gives you. How Do I Get My SAT Score Report? Your scores will be available to you online about three weeks after you take the SAT.To see your scores,log into your College Board account.If the scores for your test date are available, they should show up right away on the dashboard, like this: Just click "View Details" and you'll be able to see your full score report. You can easily download a PDF of the report by clicking "Download Report" in the top right corner of the screen. If your scores haven't come out yet, there is no way to speed up the scoring process. You can, however, get your scores sent to colleges faster than normal after they are released. This is called rush reporting, and it will get your scores sent to schools within two business days. Rush reporting comes with a fee of $31 for the first report and $11.25 for each additional report. What Will Be on My Score Report? Your score report will give you a lot of information about the types of questions you answered correctly and incorrectly and their difficulty levels.You’ll notice that the score report has four tabs: Report Details, Essay Details (if you took the test with the essay), Skills Insight, and Score Sends.Here’s some information about what’s included in each section and how to interpret it. Report Details This tab listsall of your scores in one place. First, it includesthe score you got for each section along with a score range of around 40-60 points. This is shows you the range of scores you might end up with for that section if you took the test again assuming the same level of preparation. You'll also see where you fall in the national percentile range: The Report Details tab also shows you your subscores for Reading, Writing, and Math, each out of 40 points. These are accompanied by statistics on thetotal number of questions for each section and the number that you got correct, incorrect, or omitted. These are followed by your two cross-test scores, which are also out of forty points: Finally, you'll see your seven subscores, each out of fifteen points. These help to identify more specific areas of strength and weakness: If you took the essay, your essay scores will also be at the bottom of this page: Notice that there are little "i" icons in the corner of the boxes for each of these scores. If you click on them, you'll get an explanation of which skills are incorporated into that score. At the top right of all the score boxes (except for the essay scores) you'll also be able to click "show details" to see your national percentile ranking for each subscore. Essay Details In the next tab, Essay Details, you'll see the prompt you answered on the test reproduced along with a scanned copy of your essay. You can print your essay using the button in the top right corner of the box with the prompt. The Skills Insight tab will give you more information on what you essay scores actually mean. Skills Insight The Skills Insight tab includes pages for each of the three main testing categories (reading, writing and language, and math) plus the essay if you took it. This part of your report is intended to help you see which academic skills you need to work on and which you've mastered already. You can also link your report to Khan Academy from within this tab - more on that option later. Score Sends This last tab provides information on how to send your scores to colleges. If you chose to send any of the four free score reports when you registered for the test, the information for the schools or scholarship programs you indicated should be listed in this tab. If you haven't sent any scores yet, you won't see any schools listed. Just click on the "Send Additional Score Reports" button to send score reports to more colleges and scholarship programs for a fee. What Do I Do With All This Information? You may feel like just ignoring the details in your score report and obsessing over the final numbers, but if you do that you’re abandoning an opportunity to see where your weaknesses lie and how you can prepare better for the next test date.Take a look at each section individually and find out where you had the most trouble so you can decide where to focus your studying efforts. The easiest way to use these scores to study for your next test is to link your report to the Khan Academy site, which will then give you individually tailored practice materials. You'll see an option to do this at the top of the Skills Insight tab. Khan Academy is not a cure-all, however, and you may need to strike out on your own to address some deeper issues. Here are some examples how you could respond to different scenarios: Your Weaknesses Were Command of Evidence and Expression of Ideas Practice your passage reading skills, and find out what works for you. Usually, on the Reading section, it saves time to skim the passage and then go through the questions before you do any closer reading. If you omitted lots of Reading and Writing questions, you might be running out of time, which is probably because you are spending too much time reading closely before you get to the questions.Practice timing yourself with real SAT passages and questions. You should also make sure you’re not making assumptions about the passages and confusing yourself.Sometimes students make the mistake of inferring too much information from SAT passages. Stick to answering questions based on the specific evidence given in the passage. You Struggled with Advanced Math Topics You don’t have trouble with dumb mistakes on easy questions, so that’s good news.Your problem is most likely content-based, which is more fixable.Look for any patterns in the categories of questions that might point to specific gaps in knowledge.Study up on the formulas you’ll need for the SAT, and make sure you know how to use them. This could also be an issue related totime management. If you notice that you omitted a lot of questions, this might apply to you.Remember that you shouldn't linger for more than a minute on each question in the math sections. Move on when you find yourself stumped so that you don’t waste too much time on any one question. You can also employ some of the general strategies outlined in our articles on raising low math SAT scores and getting an 800 on the math section. You Did Well on the Multiple Choice Writing Questions, but You Got a Low Essay Score If you did well on the multiple choice writing questions, then your problem is probably not grammar and sentence structure. You might just need to work on the holistic organization of your essay and use of examples from the passage. Take a look at these tips for improving your score and this step-by-step guide to writing a great essay.Remember to make your essay long enough so that your ideas are fully developed. Include at least two or three body paragraphs that address specific examples of how the author develops his or her argument. A Final Word on Score Reports The information on your score report gives you an opportunity to be honest with yourself about the areas where you struggle on the SAT.After reviewing your score report, you can infer the reasons for your mistakes and tailor your study strategy to those areas so you won’t have the same problems in the future! You can also consider ordering one of the services the SAT offers for you to review your scores in more detail, the Question and Answer Service or Student Answer Service (read more about these services here). You can order them up to five months after your original test date. What's Next? Are you looking to take the SAT again now that you've reviewed your scores? Take a look at this guide to choosing the right date for you and this list of upcoming test dates. If you're trying to formulate a study plan for the next time you take the test, take a look at these plans for Sophomore and Junior year and the summer before Senior year, as well as our Complete Plan for the SAT. Frustrated with your score? Learn from our perfect SAT scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also feature thousands of practice questions, 10 official SAT practice tests, and personal feedback on your essays from an expert instructor. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Trading on the Stock Markets

Trading on the Stock Markets Background A stock market can be defined as a â€Å"public entity for trading of company stock and derivatives at an agreed price; these are securities listed on stock exchange as well as those traded privately† (Anonymous: â€Å"Capital and derivatives Market† Para 2). At the beginning of the month of October, the year 2008, the global stock market size was determined to be approximately 37 trillion US dollars. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Trading on the Stock Markets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More More so, estimation that has been carried out of the â€Å"total world derivatives market† has shown that the value of the derivatives market is about 790 trillion US dollars; a value which is more than ten times the whole global economy size. On the stock market, there is listing of the stocks and trading them. Both the buyers and sellers are brought together on this market (Anonymous: â€Å"C apital and derivatives Market† Para 3). In the United States, the biggest stock market, basing on the market capitalization, is the NYSE – â€Å"New York Stock Exchange†. In addition to this, in the United States, we also have other stock exchange markets such as the Dow Jones Stock Market and NASDAQ. In Britain, we have the â€Å"London Stock Exchange’. In Japan, there is the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE). TSE is number three in size by â€Å"aggregate market capitalization of its listed companies†¦it had 2,414 listed companies with a combined market capitalization of $3.1 trillion as of May 2010† (â€Å"China becomes the world’s third largest stock market† Para 7). In the United Kingdom, we have the London Stock exchange market. It is located in the city of London, According to â€Å"Market Highlights for the first half –year 2010† (Para 3), by the month of August last year (2010), â€Å"the exchange had a market capitalization of US$ 2.63 trillion, making it to be the forth largest stock exchange in the world by this measurement and it is the largest in Europe† (â€Å"Market Highlights for the first half –year 2010† 1). In Saudi Arabia, we have the Saudi Stock Exchange, also referred to as â€Å"Tadawul†. It is under the control of the â€Å"Saudi Arabian Monetary agency†Ã¢â‚¬ . This is the largest stock exchange market in the region. As it is pointed out by the â€Å"Saudi Stock Exchange†, it has â€Å"a market capitalization amounting to much more than US55 billion† (Para 1). This market has been increasing over the years beginning from the time it was set up in the year 1954. This stock exchange, being the only major stock exchange in the country, used to operate informally up to the middle of the 1980s.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Le arn More Trading on the stock market Those traders who take part in the stock exchange market may be either just small individuals who wish to invest in stocks or they can be very big â€Å"hedge fund traders†. Among the exchanges that are carried out, there are those in which transactions are entered in to on a â€Å"trading floor† (physically). This is done by a method referred to as â€Å"open outcry†. Such form of sale is employed in both â€Å"stock exchanges† as well as â€Å"commodity exchanges† in which those engaging in trade make bids and offers by word of mouth. However, with advancing technology, there has emerged another form exchange in which trading is carried out in a virtual manner. In this, there is use of computers and transactions are carried out electronically without necessarily having the traders interacting physically. Basically, the trades carried out are on the basis of an â€Å"auction market model†. Unde r this, the buyer engages in bidding for a definite price he is ready to pay and then the prospective seller asks for his or her desirable price from the buyer. This may go on for sometime until the buyer and the seller meet at a common price that is deemed to be desirable for both parties; the buyer and the seller. At this point, a sale occurs. In a situation where we have two or more bidders (buyers) or askers (seller), one who comes first is the one who is sold to. A stock exchange is meant to make it possible for the buyers and sellers to interact in order to exchange securities and by doing this, a marketplace is provided. Considering the New York Stock Exchange, this market is a â€Å"physical exchange† where the traders interact with one another physically, face to face and it is also a â€Å"listed exchange†. Unlike the NYSE, NASDAQ is a â€Å"virtual listed exchange† (Anonymous: â€Å"NASDAQ† Para 2). In this particular market, all the trading activities are carried out electronically, over a â€Å"computer network. The trading process is the same as that followed by the New York Stock exchange market. The only difference between the two is that, in this market, the buyers and sellers interact electronically rather than physically.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Trading on the Stock Markets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Time and again, there has been deviation of active trading from â€Å"active exchange† (Ortega and Yalman Para 1). Ortega and Yalman point out that, â€Å"Securities firms, led by UBS AG, Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and Credit Suisse Group, already steer 12 percent of U.S security trades away from the exchanges to their internal systems† (Para 2). They further projected that, there was even a probability of the level of that share going up (to eighteen percent) by the year 2010 â€Å"as more investment banks bypass the NY SE and NASDAQ and pair buyers and sellers of securities themselves, according to the data compiled by Boston-based Aite Group LLC, a brokerage consultant† (Ortega and Yalman Para 3). Other than NASDAQ and the NYSE, in the United States’ stock market, there is the Dow Jones stock market. This was set up in the year 1896 and its founder was Charles Dow. This exchange is â€Å"an icon in the trading industry† (â€Å"Dow Jones Stock Market† Para 1). It is further pointed out that, basically â€Å"the Dow commercial average is a market index that provides a fast method to get to an understanding of how the exchange is fairing on any given day† (â€Å"Dow Jones Stock Market† Para 2). This stock market does not provide â€Å"specifics† but instead allows the public to have the knowledge about the overall trends that are being followed by it. Several criticisms have been directed towards the â€Å"Dow Jones Stock Market† and these crit icisms have been coming form the researchers. They have criticized this stock market’s move not to include a large number of firms to carry out the representation of the general â€Å"market performance†. More criticisms have also arisen in which there has been disagreeing that â€Å"trading on all thirty stocks included in the Dow Jones stock market doesn’t always open at the same time each morning, thus skewing the day’s average† ((â€Å"Dow Jones Stock Market† Para 2). However, despite these criticisms, the â€Å"Dow Jones Stock market Business average†, in the course of time, has determinedly performed similarly to the broader United States market and this is the reason why this stock market remains to be preferred by many people to the present day. Considering the case in Saudi Arabia, in March 2010, it was reported in the â€Å"All Headline News† that the stock exchange of this country â€Å"had opened its doors to for eign investors as a leading investment firm announced that foreign investment in the country was expected to grow by 20 percent in the coming year† (â€Å"Saudi Stock Market† Para 1). Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This move was taken to enable the foreigners to â€Å"invest in ‘Exchange Traded Funds’, an index fund traded on an exchange like a stock so as to offer foreign investors the opportunity to obtain broad-based exposure to the Saudi equity market† († (â€Å"Saudi Stock Market† Para 2). In the year 2008, FDI to Saudi Arabia was twenty four million US dollars. This country has also realized â€Å"stable improvement in its ranking in the World Bank’s Doing Business index† (â€Å"Saudi Stock Market† Para 11). It moved to position 13 in the year 2010 from position 15 in the previous year and this makes this country to be â€Å"the highest ranked country in the Middle East †¦.the index measures ten different variables ranging from the ease of sharing a business and enforcing contracts to paying taxes and cross border trading†(â€Å"Saudi Stock Market† Para 11). There are some occasions on which trading of particular s hares is stopped; sometimes for a few hours or days or even longer. On an individual level, stopping to trade on a stock can take place during a drop. This step assists in enabling people trading in stock to avoid losing their money. The simplest way to do this is to set â€Å"a stop-loss order on one’s brokerage on each of one’s holding to protect oneself against massive drops in the value of holdings† (Hewitt Para). However, on other occasions, the capital market authority can stop trading a particular stock. It does this for several reasons and among these reasons is that, it may intent to punish inside trading and to regulate the market. This is clearly evident on the Saudi stock exchange market where it is reported that the stock market has â€Å"cleaned up† following the actions taken by the Capital market Authority (â€Å"Saudi Stock Market† Para 5). Lacoma (Para) points out that the most well-known stock market is the NYSE. However, all t he stock markets work in the same way, the NYSE works. In these markets, the Capital Market Authorities can stop trading of a particular stock but this occurs in just some specific cases for certain organizations. This can be carried out in the form of a suspension of a stock market. This implies that those who want to invest shall not have any influence in line with the â€Å"suspended stock†. Those people who are owners of this security have no power to sell it and those ready to buy it can not be able to do so. In addition, the company is prevented from carrying out any adjustments on this stock. Suspensions take place at once and may remain effective, going on for a number of days but not beyond ten days in total (Lacoma Para 2). It is also important to note that suspension is applicable to a single company’s securities and stock and not on the securities and stock of the whole stock market. Closing down the whole stock market can not be easy. The suspension is not aimed at paralyzing the economy in its entirety in whatever way. Those who wish to invest can go on trading on the stock market; buying and selling stocks from other companies on the market. Suspensions are meant to make the companies to engage in reviewing their financial records. This in most cases follows suspicion of existence of fraud in a company or in the cases where big flaws have been committed in regard to making records. In some cases, suspension may occur following the need to make clarification of certain legislation. The suspension of stock is carried out in order to safeguard the investors against any uncertainties while all-inclusive investigation on the company’s activities is carried out. A suspension may have a negative effect on the company’s stock on the stock market. After being suspended, in most cases the stock starts trading at a greatly decreased price. This comes about as a result of the investors being filled with uneasiness in regard to the suspension and look at the company in a suspicious manner even if findings after the suspension were not negative. It is important to draw a distinction between a suspension and â€Å"halts and delays†. A halt takes place when the suspension of the stock is carried out by the company itself and it does this with an intention of sharing some important information with investors. This is always brief and may not go on for even more than an hour. A delay is just like a halt. However, the difference is that it occurs at beginning of the trading day. In whichever the case; whether it is a suspension, a halt or a delay, all of them involve stopping of trading on the stock market. Most of the people who invest have come to learn that the stock market is a quite volatile market for one to put his or her money in it. However, it is this market characteristic (volatility) that brings in returns which the investors obtain. Wagner defines volatility as â€Å"a measure of dispersio n around the mean or average return of a security†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.and Standard deviation can be used to measure volatility† (Para 2). This method of measuring volatility gives out information on â€Å"how tightly the price of a stock is grouped around the mean or moving average† (Wagner Para 2). Wagner further points out that, in considering securities, â€Å"the higher the standard deviation, the greater the dispersion of returns and the higher the risk associated with the investment† (Para 3). Apart from this using this method in measuring volatility, it can also be measured by taking the mean range to every period, â€Å"from the low price value to the high price value† Wagner Para 3). Basing on this, there is expressing of â€Å"the value obtained as a percentage of the starting point of the period†¦.larger movements in the price creating a higher price range result in higher volatility and the lower price ranges result in lower volatilityâ€℠¢ (Wagner Para 5). It is important to note that, there exists a very powerful correlation between â€Å"volatility and market performance†. There is a tendency for the level of volatility to come down while there is an increase in the stock market and the level of volatility goes up while the stock market declines. The risk level moves up with the level of volatility and at the same time the level of returns goes down. To illustrate this clearly, Wagner cites a research that was conducted in 2007 by â€Å"Crestmont Research† which was aimed at evaluating the past records of the relationship that exists between the â€Å"stock market performance† and the â€Å"market volatility†. This research utilized the â€Å"average range for each day to measure the volatility of the Standard Poor’s 500 Index† (Wagner Para 6). The results that were presented from the research report gave out an indication that higher volatility matches up with higher l ikelihood of a decreasing market and lower volatility matches up with a higher likelihood of an increasing market (Wagner Para 6). Considering, the volatility ratio, according to â€Å"Investopedia†, volatility ratio is defined as â€Å"a technical indicator used to identify price ranges and breakouts† (Para). It utilizes a â€Å"true price range† to carry out the determination of a â€Å"true trading range† of a stock and is capable of identifying â€Å"situations where price has moved out of this true range† (Investopedia Para 1). By being familiar with stock volatility as well as the volatility ratio, the investors are in a better position to trade wisely on any stock exchange market. Conclusion The stock exchange market brings together buyers and sellers in order for them to engage in stock trading. The traders on this market may be small individual investors or large business corporations. Most of these traders who have been in this business l ong enough, have come to learn that the stock market is a quite volatile market for one to put money in. However, in whichever the stock exchange market, it is this market characteristic (volatility) that brings in returns which the investors obtain. Among the major stock exchange markets in the world that have been looked at include; the New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ, Dow Jones Stock exchange (all the three found in the U.S), the Tokyo Stock Exchange, The London Stock Exchange and the Saudi Stock Exchange. There comes a time when the capital market authority may stop trading a particular stock. This may lead to the suspension of the stock. This occurs for several reasons and among these reasons is that, the company involved may not be having right records or there is likelihood of having fraud in the company. More so, there might be some legal obligations that are supposed to be met by the company involved. However, not all the trading is stopped on the market but it is only o ne company’s stock and trading will always go on as usual with stocks of other companies that are not affected with the suspension. Anonymous. â€Å"Capital and derivatives Market†. 9 December 2010. Web.. https://sites.google.com/a/rajalakshmi.edu.in/myrec/knowledge-sharing-cell-1/capitalandderivativesmarket. â€Å"China becomes the world’s third largest stock market†. Economic Times. 19 June 2010. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/global-markets/China-becomes-worlds-third-largest-stock-market/articleshow/6068129.cms â€Å"Dow Jones Stock market†. Cheap Stock Trading. 24 December 2009. Web.. cheapstocktrading.org/dow-jones-stock-market/. Investopedia, â€Å"Volatility Ratio†. 2011. Web. investopedia.com/terms/v/volatility-ratio.asp. Lacoma, Tyler. â€Å"When does the stock market suspend trading?† 3 October 2010. Web.. ehow.com/about_7311092_trading-halt-stocks_.html. â€Å"Market Highlights for the first half –year 2010†. World Federation of Exchanges. July 2010.Web. world-exchanges.org/files/file/stats%20and%20charts/July%202010%20WFE%20Market%20Highlights.pdf. â€Å"NASDAQ – What is NASDAQ? All about NASDAQ stock market†. Hubpages Incl. 2011. Web. http://hubpages.com/hub/NASDAQ-What-is-Nasdaq-All-about-NASDAQ-Stock-Market. Ortega, Edgar, and Yalman Onaran. â€Å"UBS, Goldman threaten NYSE, Nasdaq with rival stock markets†. Bloomberg, 4 December 2006. Web.. bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchiverefer=homesid=al86iws61SPY. â€Å"Saudi Stock Exchange†. Economy Watch. N.d. Web. economywatch.com/stockexchanges/saudi.html. â€Å"Saudi Stock Market Opens to foreigners†. All headline News. Web. allheadlinenews.com/articles/7018236735. Wagner, Hans. â€Å"Volatility’s impact on market returns†. 2010. Web.. investopedia.com/articles/financial-theory/08/volatility.asp.

Corporate Strategy for Dyson Limited Assignment

Corporate Strategy for Dyson Limited - Assignment Example James Dyson founded it after he encountered several problems with the conventional wheelbarrow he was using in renovating his property, as it the wheel sank into the mud, was unstable and prone to punctures. In the technological sector, Dyson limited has finally entered the robot vacuum cleaner space, as the Dyson 360 Eye is finally unveiled ahead of its release this year. This invention came due to the consideration that most robotic vacuum cleaners do not see their environment, have little suction and do not clean properly. In other words, they are gimmicks. The company continues to produce vacuum cleaners in the United Kingdom holding a 20% retail volume share as at 2012. The discovery of the robotic vacuum cleaner will give it a competitive advantage over its competitors leading to an increase in sales. Its main competitors Vax Ltd and Hoover Candy Group posted sales of 10% and 8% respectively in 2012. From an economic viewpoint, the current market scenario does not provide favorable conditions to most industries to expand their businesses, especially, consumer related. Due to unfavorable demand, the vacuum cleaner production factory in Wiltshire is planning to shut down its manufacturing plant leading to a loss of 590 jobs. The firm is moving upright vacuum cleaner manufacturer to the Far East where labor costs less compared to the west. James Dyson, the owner of the company pointed out that there are still 1,150 people working at the factory. The market share of the company by volume has decreased from third to quarter over the last five years, which has led to a decline in sales volume and profitability. Lifestyle has changed in the emerging markets because of the increase in the number of people with quantifiable disposable income. Most single women and men prefer the robotic vacuum cleaners recently launched by Dyson due to its flexibility in cleaning and storage.  

Global ethical Issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global ethical Issues - Research Paper Example Just war theory is a philosophy which seeks to determine when wars are morally valid to fight and also seeks to establish the principles for waging them. There are two parts of just war theory, â€Å"Jus Ad Bellum† and â€Å"Jus In Bello† (MacKinnon, 2012, pp. 243-244). The first of these tries to establish when causes are just, and the second tries to establish how exactly wars should be fought in a just way. Both of these are extremely important for waging just wars, as â€Å"even if a war were fought for a just cause, with the prospect of achieving more good than harm, as a last resort only, and with the proper intention, it still would not be fully just if it were not conducted justly or in accordance with certain principles or moral guidelines† (MacKinnon, 2012, p244). â€Å"Jus Ad Bellum,† or the right to wage war, seeks to establish when it is morally valid to initiate a war. The simplest possible way of describing this part of just war theory is that unless you have a reason to initiate a war that is itself morally valid, there is no way the war will be morally valid. A few of the common criteria for just wars are â€Å"having just cause, being a last resort, being declared by a proper authority, possessing right intention, having a reasonable chance of success, and the end being proportional to the means used† (Mosely, 2009). If all of these criteria are met, then it may be just to wage a war, although it is worth noting that â€Å"the lack of a strict ethical framework means that the principles themselves are open to broad interpretations† (Mosely, 2009). Regardless of how strictly warring nations follow the Jus Ad Bellum principles, it is clear that they are informed largely by theories of consequentialist moral reasoning. This is the kind of reasoning which is not concerned so much with how something is carried out as it is with why. That is, â€Å"we should only be concerned about our actions in